Choosing Between a Small College and Large University

Beers Law Definition and Equation

Beers Law is an equation that relates the attenuation of light to properties of a material. The law states that the concentration of a chemical is directly proportional to the absorbance of a solution. The relation may be used to determine the concentration of a chemical species in a solution using a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. The relation is most often used in UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. Note that Beers Law is not valid at high solution concentrations. Other Names for Beers Law Beers Law is also known as the Beer-Lambert Law, the Lambert-Beer Law, and the  Beer–Lambert–Bouguer Law. The reason there are so many names is because more than one law is involved. Basically, Pierre Bouger discovered the law in 1729 and published it in Essai doptique sur la gradation de la lumià ¨re. Lambert quoted Bougers discovery in his Photometria in 1760, saying absorbance of a sample is directly proportional to the path length of light. Even though Lambert didnt claim discovery, he was often credited with it. August Beer discovered a related law in 1852. Beers Law stated that the absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the sample. Technically, Beers Law relates only to concentration, while the Beer-Lambert Law relates absorbance to both concentration and sample thickness. Key Takeaways: Beer's Law Beers Law states that the concentration of a chemical solution is directly proportional to its absorption of light.The premise is that a beam of light becomes weaker as it passes through a chemical solution. The attenuation of light occurs either as a result of distance through solution or increasing concentration.Beers Law goes by many names, including the Beer-Lambert Law, Lambert-Beer Law, and Beer-Lambert-Bouguer Law. Equation for Beers Law Beers Law may be written simply as: A ÃŽ µbc where  A is absorbance (no units)ÃŽ µ is the molar absorptivity with units of L mol-1  cm-1 (formerly called the extinction coefficient)b is the path length of the sample, usually expressed in cmc is the concentration of the compound in solution, expressed in mol L-1 Calculating the absorbance of a sample using the equation depends on two assumptions: The absorbance is directly proportional to the path length of the sample (the width of the cuvette).The absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the sample. In this example of the Beer-Lambert law, a green laser is attenuated as it passes through a solution of Rhodamine 6G. Amirber How to Use Beers Law While many modern instruments perform Beers Law calculations by simply comparing a blank cuvette with a sample, its easy to prepare a graph using standard solutions to determine the concentration of a specimen. The graphing method assumes a straight-line relationship between absorbance and concentration, which is valid for dilute solutions.   Beers Law Example Calculation A sample is known to have a maximum absorbance value of 275 nm. Its molar absorptivity is 8400 M-1cm-1. The width of the cuvette is 1 cm. A spectrophotometer finds A 0.70. What is the concentration of the sample? To solve the problem, use Beers Law: A ÃŽ µbc 0.70 (8400 M-1cm-1)(1 cm)(c) Divide both sides of the equation by [(8400 M-1 cm-1)(1 cm)] c 8.33 x 10-5 mol/L Importance of Beers Law Beers Law is especially important in the fields of chemistry, physics, and meteorology. Beers Law is used in chemistry to measure the concentration of chemical solutions, to analyze oxidation, and to measure polymer degradation. The law also describes the attenuation of radiation through the Earths atmosphere. While normally applied to light, the law also helps scientists understand the attenuation of particle beams, such as neutrons. In theoretical physics, the Beer-Lambert Law is a solution to the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BKG) operator, which is used in the Boltzmann equation for computational fluid dynamics. Sources Beer, August. Bestimmung der Absorption des rothen Lichts in farbigen Flà ¼ssigkeiten (Determination of the absorption of red light in colored liquids). Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. 86, 1852, pp. 78–88.Bouguer, Pierre. Essai doptique sur la gradation de la lumià ¨re. Claude Jombert, 1729 pp. 16–22.Ingle, J. D. J., and S. R. Crouch. Spectrochemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, 1988.Lambert, J. H. Photometria sive de mensura et gradibus luminis, colorum et umbrae [Photometry, or, On the measure and gradations of light, colors, and shade]. Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum). Eberhardt Klett, 1760.Mayerhà ¶fer, Thomas Gà ¼nter, and Jà ¼rgen Popp. Beers law - why absorbance depends (almost) linearly on concentration. Chemphyschem, vol. 20, no. 4, December 2018. doi:10.1002/cphc.201801073

Office Depot Free Essays

â€Å"Office Depot† The First Office Depot opened in 1986 in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. The Office Depot is a global supplier of office products and services and has experienced a dramatic growth process over the past twenty-five years. In 1990 the Office Depot Companies bought â€Å"The Office Club Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Office Depot or any similar topic only for you Order Now †, and immediately became the largest office retailer in North America. Having built its business within the United States and having secured a firm business foundation, Office Depot expanded internationally in 1992. In 1996, Office Depot took its’ catalog and delivery service(s) online. Office Depot opened about 125 stores between the years 2000-2004. With the economic downturn of 2007, new strategies had to be put in place, and by 2009, 125 stores in international markets were closed. Office Depot exited the Japanese market entirely. Today, Office Depot provides office supplies and services through 1,678 retail stores worldwide, a dedicated sales force, top-rated catalogs, and global e-commerce operations. Office Depot has annual sales of $11. 5 billion, employs roughly 39,000 employees, and serves customers in 61 countries. Their distribution channels include stores, direct mail, contract delivery, the internet, and B2B e-commerce. Viking Office Products, their wholly owned subsidiary, currently operates one of the industry’s leading direct mail marketers of office products worldwide. The competitive strategy that the Office Depot will approach is a â€Å" best-cost provider strategy† to become #1 in the office supply business. For online purchases, customers will be offered free shipping on any purchase over $25. 00. A promotional discount will be applied for 20% off, on the next purchase for every $100. 00 spent by the customer. There will be a rewards program for customers and businesses that continue to shop with Office Depot. Based on the number of office supply items purchased, the next item will be free and additional discounts will be applied to future purchases. After the retail store(s), prices will be lowered on items bought primarily by back-to-school customers and also year-round casual shoppers items. The retail stores will monitor active inventory for excess quantities and slow moving items and record adjustments as necessary to lower the price(s) if the anticipated realizable amount is below cost. Also, estimate and determine what items to stock and at what level, and what items to discontinue and how to value them prior to sale. The large-format retail stores will be reduced to half of the current square-footage, and staff will focus only on supplying consistently purchased merchandise. Items that tend to sit dormant at retail will be provided online only. If a retail store cannot maintain projected sales quotas, the store will be closed in that market area. New government contracts will be provided at 20% discount based on the number of office supplies purchased. Office Depot will retain business with local, state, and federal governments’ and non-profit organizations contracts by offering a lower cost than other competitors. Office Depots long term strategic direction is to be consumer focused in terms of product assortment, store layouts, new service offerings, and compelling pricing that sends a positive value message to its’ customers. This falls in line with the â€Å"best cost provider strategy† giving customers more value for the money while satisfying buyers’ expectations on key quality/features/performance/service attributes beating their price expectations. One of the main ways that Office Depot has responded was with its’ Magellan innovation, a three-year program which significantly enhanced IT capabilities. The new system will provide such benefits as improved forecasting, better support for planning, and improved profitability. This can be achieved through better utilization of store space, better pricing and data integrity, better stocking, and reduced inventory with the end results benefiting the customer. In 2011 Office Depot announced that it is boosting their capital expenditure budget for 2012 to approximately $160 million, with a heavy emphasis on e-commerce and other IT investments. The retailers’ digital investments will be particularly important given its plans to shrink both the average size of its brick-and-mortar stores and its product assortments. Office Depots’ e-commerce sales have become an integral part of the company. Office Depot is the number (2) U. S. e-commerce retailer, second only to Amazon. com Inc. Office Depots’ aggressive Internet strategy has also generated twice the e-commerce sales of its’ rival Staples Inc. Office Depot SWOT Analysis Strengths: * Strong private label product line increases sales nationally and internationally. * Large, diverse customer base (individuals, small business, and large businesses) both nationally and overseas. * Company transitioning to smaller store format will increase presence in high growth markets. * As a direct result of negative economy, company has shuttered underperforming stores. * Cash liquid business with total assets of over four- billion dollars U. S. Weaknesses: * Little opportunity for real growth in U. S. market due to over-saturation. * Increases in competition in U. S. products market, combined with a reliance on low profit- margin electronics. * Due to the downturn of the economy coupled with continued nationally high unemployment rates†¦ sales, profits, and some business markets have diminished. * Accusations of overcharging Government Contract customers have been made public. Opportunities: * Money spent on office equipment and related items increasing among small and medium businesses. Increased ability to enter into more densely populated areas, while also reducing costs. * Increased opportunities of acquisitions due to strong cash reserves. * Increasing line of private label products geared towards â€Å"green† technology. Threats: * The global financial downturn. * High unemployment, coupled with an increase in office vacancies, compounded by low consumer confidence results in decreased spending. * Low c ost/low quality imported equipment and products can lead to quality related issues. * Low switching costs increases competition and can lead to â€Å"price wars†. How to cite Office Depot, Papers

Mongol Movie free essay sample

Genghis Khan who was a slave before going on to conquer half the world including Russia in 1206. Mongol begins as TemÃ'ËœJin (Genghis) is a young boy, searching for his future bride with his father, a khan. Throughout the film, the audience is shown all of the trials and tribulations that TemÃ'ËœJin had to go through in order to rise from slavery into the position of khan. As the film begins, the audience is shown the rough face of a prisoner being mocked in his cell in the Chinese kingdom Tangut. This prisoner is TemÃ'ËœJin. From this point onward, the movie is somewhat told in flashback by years. Leaving on an expedition as a young boy, TemÃ'ËœJin travels along with his father YesÃ'Ëœgei to select a girl as his future wife. TemÃ'ËœJin meets and chooses BÂ ¶rte although his father wishes him to choose a mate from the Merkit tribe. We will write a custom essay sample on Mongol Movie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page TemÃ'ËœJin convinces his father to allow him to choose BÂ ¶rte. He promises to return after five years to marry her. After leaving, YesÃ'Ëœgei is poisoned by a rival tribe and dies. Upon returning to their camp, TemÃ'ËœJin and his mother find one of his fathers warriors looting their possessions. The warrior tries to kill TemÃ'ËœJin, as he is a threat to his path to khan, but is reminded that it is against Mongol law to kill a child. He promises to return in the winter and kill the boy as a teen. TemÃ'ËœJin is shown throughout his teen years running from the warrior and his men in order to survive. Throughout the movie, TemÃ'ËœJin is seen praying to the Mongol god of the sky during hard times. One day he is found in the snow by a boy his age named Jamukha. They certify their friendship by becoming blood brothers. TemÃ'ËœJin is then captured by the warrior twice, and is able to escape both times, the second time finding BÂ ¶rte and returning to his mother with her. The warrior manages to find and pursue the reunited couple. While an injured TemÃ'ËœJin is able to escape by BÂ ¶rte surrendering herself to the khan and his men, she is captured and taken to their tribe. TemÃ'ËœJin locates his blood brother, who is now a khan, and asks him to help him find his wife and get her back. After a successful attle and recovering a pregnant BÂ ¶rte, the couple and a few warriors head out, including 2 of Jamukhas. He warns TemÃ'ËœJin that this action will cost him. This is proven when Jamukhas birth brother is killed by one of TemÃ'ËœJin soldiers. Jamukha and TemÃ'ËœJin go to war. Outnumbered, TemÃ'ËœJins army is quickly defeated. Jamukha declares victory and decides to make TemÃ'ËœJin a slave rather than execute him. TemÃ'ËœJin is sold into slavery in the Tangut kingdom and is put on display as The Mongol who threatened to take down the Tangut kingdom which can be considered ajor foreshadowing. TemÃ'ËœJin promises to a monk to spare mercy upon a monastery in the kingdom after he takes over as khan, as long as the monk finds TemÃ'ËœJins wife and son. While the monk dies on the Journey

William Penn Summary free essay sample

William Peens life in a very informational and positively biased story through his years. He looks majority on the side that William Peens decisions were right and that his childhood and young adulthood, founding of Pennsylvania, and in his later years his selling of Pennsylvania were all done well. William Penn accomplished a lot and was an esteemed gentleman, and the author really portrays him as such while describing everything William did, as well as his relationships.And so the novel starts off with William Peens fathers influence on William Penn Jar. In many different ways. In the beginning of the story it was neglect. He was always gone and never had time for William Penn Jar. William Penn Jar. Became very close to his mother as a result. Not having his fathers companionship created a lacking Of a male role model, as well as his teachers lacking male role model potential. We will write a custom essay sample on William Penn Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When William Penn Sir. Moved his family to Ireland he was able to bond more with William Penn Jar. And this helped him and many different ways.His introduction to Quakerism was legalized in Ireland when a preacher did a sermon at their house and William Penn Jar. Was very moved by it. This proved vital with the combination of religious influence from his mentor and professors to young Williams devotion to being holy later in his life. When the commonwealth and Cromwell died off the family exited exile and this allowed Charles II to regain his throne. Sir William Penn was knighted for his devotion to the Stuart monarchy. This helps shape William Penn Jar. s interests in the family reputation and makes him feel like he is a part of it, as his father wanted. On arriving at Oxford he was unlike all the other attendants which worried his father. Then he became acquainted with dissenters of the university and immediately knew these were the people he fit in with. This was one example of Peens early conversion to Quakerism without knowing yet. Then his father retired causing him to settle down and become more in touch with his son again. He sent young William Penn off to law school to learn law in the hopes he would gain friends in high places for the future while finishing his education. William Penn Jar. As soon then placed into local politics by his ether and held a commissioner job for helping out down on their luck people, a sort of welfare. This job reinforced his likening of the Quaker faith as they helped people without reason while being persecuted, which William Penn Jar. Witnessed during his less than a year work. William Penn Sir. Then sent his son to Ireland to settle legalities of his new land that was a result of Irish Royalists taking back their old estate. He inadvertently was finally convinced to be a Quaker during a visit to Cork. Even after his personal persecution by Quakerism, he stood stalwart to his new faith.William Penn Jar. Became a Quaker when it was at the worse time to become one. With the laws set forth to conform everyone to Anglicanism, Quakers went like Iambs to the slaughter because of their clear defiance of the law. Fortunately for William Penn Jar. His incarcerations were brief because of his political standing and being the son of Admiral Penn. But William Penn Jar. Was steadfast in his beliefs of Quakerism and this cost him later in his religious affairs. Upon William Penn Jar. Release he was well known spokesperson and writer of the Quaker movement. Many praised him for his zealous, nonconformist visage. He then went on to write a pamphlet (or apology), that was to prove Quaker beliefs and motives, and their reasoning behind them. Even with William Penn Jar. s fantastic writing skills and logic, the pamphlet was discredited and condemned by the masses, and young Penn was incarcerated in The Tower. His stay lasted shy of 9 months and during this time he wrote another pamphlet which was his ultimate piece upon release, it contained more than 600 pages. But his untimely release was only met because of his conformity to his beliefs on the trinity which he refuted in his earlier intending pamphlet.He wrote a apology for his beliefs on Jesus Christ the savior and was released by the king because of it. It isnt really to say whether or not William Penn Jar. Really believed in what he wrote in that apology for a good period of his life. Within a Year of Young William Peens release, William Penn Sir. Had passed away. William Penn after departing for a sidestep to see Gull his future wife, stayed an extra 4 days because of Gull and this marked the start of their soon to be marriage. Although this was postponed 3 years because of William Peens work that needed to be finished for his father in Ireland.Penn worked hard to obtain the release of captive Quakers in prison during his visit to Ireland. His fathers affairs came after his Quaker faith during his arrival in Ireland. He persistently attempted to gain release while having knowledge of The Courts ways to help his cause. Peens hard work bayed off and his friends were released from prisons via Peens invaluable skills of politics, persuasion, and influence on the Stuart Court and Brokers of the Court. After his Quaker escapades, William Penn Jar. Immediately attended to his fathers errands which majority were good and serving a good job for William Penn Sir.But his fathers health was failing and William Penn Jar. Soon rushed home to England upon receiving a scary letter from his mother. He left his advisor in charge of the Irish affairs that he had brought with him. In retaliation of the great George Foxs arrest for preaching in a public place, William Penn Jar. Could not sit idle and let his friends be persecuted against, so he began to speak in the same place as Fox and was immediately arrested and brought forth to the same man Fox was judged by, but he was not so forgiving as he as to Fox.It could have been jealousy, or to prove his loyalty, but whatever the case, young Penn was to be sent to a terrible place of foul stench. Fortunately for Penn and his comrade, a clause in the law allowed for a trial by jury. Peens trial was lasted four days and was one Of the most famous trials in all of English law history. The court officials were so poor in their character and were so illegal that went the verdict was said to be not guilty, the jurors were sentenced fines until either they had the right verdict or they paid the fines.They all refused to pay the fines as well as William Penn ND his comrade, and were sent to Negate prison, the worst Engla nd had to offer. The majority bayed their fine but the rest were set free after 2 months and sued for their rights against the officials. This was one of the biggest events in English law history and William Penn had no idea at the time. Upon growing apart rapidly and frustratingly, William Peens mother, Lady Penn, died partly because of the fact that Penn was gone so much from his mother.The bond inhibited the two decreased over timer and sadly she pasted and was buried next to William Penn ;s father, William Penn Sir. Again ad, William Penn had to write a letter to Gull and the children of his family, because Penn was leaving for what is named after him, Pennsylvania. He instructed in his letters to raise his kids to be educated unlike himself, with useful skills. He did not want them attending schools like Oxford where he went, because it was full of bad influences. Much like what we see in America, he wanted them to be taught by a tutor in their home that stayed with them.Before embarking on his quest to the colonies, Penn suffered a great loss when his financial correspondent Phillip Ford snuck his way in to Williams sockets by having him sign papers that would come back to haunt him dearly in the future. Peens arrival was a year after the settlement of the colony first started. It was vast but because of religious freedom, was not full of Quakers. The amazing thing was how rapidly Pennsylvania expanded though. Pennsylvania had opportunities no other colony supported, had a chance to become in the upper class off of shear dedication, hard work, and a good socioeconomic plan.Pennsylvania run under William Peens Advertising with good neighboring colonies and trade supplied the colony with maximum efficiency to become one of the fastest growing colonies in the time when making a new colony was the best. Penn was very pro slavery. He owned slaves himself, rationalized why owning slaves was not wrong if all men were created equal, and how it would help him with the friends (Quakers) that had money. Penn ran his estate off of a purely black crew and when anti slavery Quakers cracked down on him, Penn disbanded them, but still kept t-van. O servants until his death which he did not release. Plentiful economic opportunity, divine climate, and semi equal gender division increased Pennsylvania growth immensely. The capital, Philadelphia, was named by two Greek words meaning, brotherly love. This was important because William Penn established a colony off of Quaker idealism and equality for all. William Penn envisioned a city unlike that of London and Paris, and rural towns as well, but of the suburbs we see today. He wanted straight streets, houses with area on each side for gardening and lawns, and it to be symmetrically stable and beautiful.Much to William Peens dismay, Philadelphia by the time Of his death was a disorderly crowded and filthy city, just as any other English port itty. The vast melting pot that became Pennsylvania was unlike that of what Penn first thought of when colonizing Pennsylvania. The ethnic and religious diversity became a big part of Pennsylvania RECIPES. Indians were a key part to Pennsylvania as well as the colony live peacefully with them mainly due to the fact that they less in number from many ailments. Peace agreements and general lack of hostility also attributed to the success of the financial growth and prosperity. Penn treated the Native Americans with respect and for the first time in history showed that the Native Americans were the true owners f the land, and this ultimately proved how much better Pennsylvania was than previous colonies. Sadly with all the success, there was bad news for William Penn. War struck up with France producing numerous amounts of tension filled bouts between Penn and the government. With the illegal trading and William Peens status as high figure of economic and royal importance, the Pennsylvania colony was a priority, giving the agreement excuse to strip William Penn of his land.Because of the colonies Quaker background it was specifically target for defiance and absence in defensive help to England. Penn Fought tooth and nail to keep his land against many people such as Robert Quarry, and the Church of England as well. William Penn was able to produce sufficient argument especially when it came to economics on his behalf to keep his colony under his control inst ead of the unification of the colonies. Upon William Oils untimely death parliament closed the case down, in most ways, William Penn had won.When Robert Quarry was fired and lost his camping, a small victory for William Penn, he attempted to sway the board of trade with a letter to disgust Penn because of his manipulation of them so he could untied his plans in spite of them. This of course was not true and upon Queen Ann.s, the daughter of James II, reign William Penn was happily in the rays of royal favor. With the new government, Penn was supplied with power from many new rulers he had befriended and as a result allowing him to keep his colony.The changing point in Peens fight was that of when William Penn gained and audience with the Queen and Anne allowed him to hold his land for one year without interference from the Lords of Trade. Suspiring to everyone, William Penn after just about a years time offered to ell his right to govern Pennsylvania to The Crown because of his position in life and debt to Philip Ford who had wronged William badly. Penn was also weary of his colonists as they were fighting him in a struggle for many things like paying their rent.The timing was perfect for William Penn to keep hold of his land and the Ideals and lifestyle that he had come to create. Unfortunately William Penn was a poor choice in character and when Hamilton the governor died, Williams replacement was very bad indeed. Peens next replacement after public outcry was a military leader because he ad no choice, he in debtors jail. The Fords had bankrupt him and after many a dispute and some help from the Duke of Marlborough, William Penn exited prison for the last time and bayed his debt off.William Peens family was very large by now and as it happened, they hardly knew William at all. His second wife, Hannah, had seven children, two of which would not make it to adulthood, with William. The son of William Penn, or Billy was more off cavalier like his grandfather, much to the dismay of his father. He did not see Pennsylvania as the Quaker haven but a cash cow to fit his lavished life style. Due to his unruly behavior, he lost his favor with is father and was no longer the heir of Pennsylvania.He did not attend his father at his deathbed in 1718. The colony he original founded had lost its touch and was infected by upper- class superiority. The feeling of community was lost and William had Had enough while searching for a new inheritor. William Penn decided it best to gain monetary value of his colony that had fallen into disarray and offered it to The Crown again for 20,000 pounds. This time the Queen accepted it, although the process was slowed when William Penn had a minor stroke in 1712.

Fashion Advertisment Effect on Women Essays

Fashion Advertisment Effect on Women Essays Fashion Advertisment Effect on Women Paper Fashion Advertisment Effect on Women Paper About two years ago one of my good friends struggled with self-confidence to an immense degree. It affected her daily life, friendships, and relationships. Being her best friend, I was always the one she vented to about her dissatisfaction, and it was constant. It got to a point where it was not very pleasant to be around her. She was always putting on pounds of makeup, switching out her outfits (because she thought she looked fat), and complaining that no guys ever noticed her. Dealing with the same things but on a much smaller level, I started to notice why all this dissatisfaction came upon us. We had just reached the stage where we were noticing all the media and it was taking a toll on us. With constant ads of flawless models in our faces we began to try to imitate this beauty but failed miserably. I came to the conclusion that the modeling industry bares a huge responsibility in providing realistic and healthy role models for young women because if only unrealistic, underweight models are constantly in the media, woman will come to believe these misconceptions of what beauty is, which then can affect their self-confidence in a negative manner. You may not fully be aware of what the modeling industry exactly does to these flawless pictures you constantly see. The artificial process a modeling industry uses to create an ad is hidden from the public. Jean Kilbourne’s film Killing Us Softly 4, she explains the process of making a fashion advertisement picture. The company begins by taking a model that has a body type â€Å"that fewer than 5% of American woman have,† and they Photoshop the picture. This is often done by taking several different pictures of models and taking, for example, the lips of one model and the legs of another model and morphing them together to make one person. : In Kilbourne’s words, â€Å"four or five women get put together to look like one perfect women. † Ken Harris, a photo retouch-er, explained that a photo is worked on for multiple rounds, going from the retouch-ers to the client and the agency to continue the process of perfection. There is rarely ever a photograph of what is considered a beautiful woman that has not been Photoshoped. Cindy Crawford, a famous super model, has quoted â€Å"I wish I looked like Cindy Crawford† meaning that even the models do not look like themselves in photos. As if these models are not thin enough, the bodies of thin models are Photoshopped as well. This is interesting because â€Å"the body size of glamorous models is often more than 20% underweight. † (Amy Brown 1088). Kilbourne brings the example of the model Filippa Hamilton who was digitally altered to have her head larger than her pelvic bone which is physically impossible. With these perfected inhuman like photos constantly haunting us everywhere, it makes it hard for women to have confidence in their beauty and body because the media distorts it. No matter how hard we try, it is nearly impossible to achieve this beauty simply because it’s fake. Only computers can generate this kind of beauty. No wonder teenage girls are so emotional. Standards of beauty are shoved in their faces and it is impossible for girls to achieve them. Being exposed to these photos can do an abundance of damage to young girls. One example of a negative effect is the way young woman perceive their body image. Marika Tiggemann and Janet Polivy, explain a study they wrote, how one hundred and fourteen women were exposed to fashion magazines with thin, attractive women, leading the majority of candidates in the study feeling dissatisfied with themselves and a decreasing elevation of mood. Their results concluded how exactly the idealized media images translate into disapproval of one’s self. The same thing was proved in a study written by Gayle R. Bessenoff. â€Å"Exposure to thin-ideal advertisements increased body dissatisfaction, negative mood, and levels of depression and lowered self-esteem. †(Bessenoff 239) In Body Image, Media Effect on, Kristen Harrison breaks down the two terms: body image and well disordered eating. She explains research that has been done reveals: â€Å"exposure to the thin-body ideal leads to temporary decreases in self-esteem and increases in body and weight dissatisfaction, depression, and anxiety. Leon Festinger, who has done much research on the topic of body image, found in his studies â€Å"that people are driven to evaluate themselves through comparison with others. † (Harrison 80) As Festinger mentions, women judge themselves based on others expectations of them. Therefore, when women are constantly exposed to extremely thin, Photoshopped models in magazines, on the television, internet, and billboards, they begin to compare themselves to these images because the images are everywhere. Since no one is able to look like these models women began to feel bad about themselves for not having this â€Å"beauty† that is unattainable. This lack in self-confidence leads to changes in mood as Harrison mentioned. Then mood escalates into bigger problems such as eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia. The selection Body Image explains how the Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) defines eating disorders as aâ€Å"serious disturbances in eating behavior† that typically comes with â€Å"feelings of distress or extreme concern about body shape or weight. (Retzinger 52-53) She then explains how a study done at the University of Minnesota found that girls who often read magazine articles about dieting are more likely, to participate in extreme weight-loss measures during adulthood, such as vomiting, rather than girls who never read articles of that nature. This clearly shows that exposure to images of models is effective towards women as well as young girls. In the article titled, Super-skinny models drive seven-year-olds into anorexia, Dr. Jon Goldin is interviewed and explains how he has had a patients as young as 7, struggling with eating disorders due to the fashion trend of â€Å"stick thin models. † In my opinion, this is sickening that even children are being affected and not only young women. his is exactly why the world needs to have good role models in the media. Women and â€Å"young girls, of course are especially vulnerable† (Kilbourne 591) and desperate for someone to look up to. And to have women that are in the media in the current society is very much indeed toxic to women as seen in these examples. Although on the contrary, some argue that the media is not the lead causing factor of eating disorders. In an article called, Whos To Blame For Anorexic Children ,Benjamin Radford interviews a couple of doctors and scientists. They believe that the media plays a much smaller role in eating disorders than what society believes. Dr. Bryant-Waugh states that: â€Å"Models and other society influences are, in our experience, rarely a contributory factor to the development of eating and weight difficulties in young children. Then Radford uses the example of the movie Black Swan, which includes a very underweight Natalie Portman and how the public thought this would bring an uproar of anorexia, however there hasn’t been any evidence to prove that factor quiet yet. While that may be true in part, several studies have proven that the media has a huge effect on women as far as eating disorders. Radford claimed anorexia/bulimia is a â€Å"biological illness† however eating disor ders are rooted in self- image; therefore it is a psychological problem. Body image has been a problem for years and probably before the media was ever created. However the media influences young girls’ perceptions of how they should look like. Rather than in the past where women didn’t have constant images of what they should be looking like. This is exactly why body image is a problem in current society. Women are constantly reminded that they are not living up to the expectations. Through this evidence, it is clearly shown that the modeling agency should be providing healthy and realistic role models to young women. Right now the modeling agency is lacking in that area. Instead woman are provided with unhealthy, thin and Photoshopped models. In result to that, young girls and women are not being able to live up to these false expectations. From that comes terrible self-esteem, mood changes, depression, anxiety and of course anorexia/ bulimia. Now these are just a few of the many results. The way some of these models live their lives, is also a leading factor and should also be re-evaluated if young women are proven to look up to models. Just think about how many young women are dealing with bad relationships involving sex, drugs, alcohol and partying on top of self- esteem issues. Young girls are very vulnerable and confused of who they are at the age where they are affected by the media the most. Therefore, that is the time when a good role model is needed in their life the most and society has failed to provide that with their unattainably perfect models. Bessenoff, Gayle R. Can the Media Affect Us? Social Comparison, Self-Discrepancy, and the Thin Ideal. Psychology of Women Quarterly (Sept. 2006): 239-251. ERIC. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. ; pierce. ctc. edu:2088/ 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 2006. 0292. x;. Brown, Amy, and Helga Dittmar. Think Thin and Feel Bad: The Role of AppearanceSchema Activation, Attention Level and Thin-Ideal Internalization For YoungWomen’s Responses To Ultra-Thin Media Ideals Journal of Social ; ClinicalPsychology 24. 8 (2005): 1088-1113. PDF file. Harrison, Kristen. Body Image, Media Effect on. Encyclopedia of Communication andInformation. Ed. Jorge Reina Schement. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan ReferenceUSA, 2002. 79-81. Gale Virtual Re ference Library. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. Killing Us Softly 4. Jean Kilbourne. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Ma. 2010. Film Kilbourne, Jean. â€Å"Two Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt. † Rereading America. GaryColombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. Boston and New York,Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010, pages 575-599, Print. Radford, Benjamin. Whos To Blame For Anorexic Children? Discovery News. N. p. , 9Aug. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. ;http://news. discovery. com/human -thin-modelsnot-to-blame-for-anorexia. html;. Retzinger, Jean. Body Image. The Media. Ed. Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008. 1-56. Battleground. Gale VirtualReference Library. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. Super-skinny models drive seven-year-olds into anorexia. Daily Mail. N. p. Sept. 2006. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. ; dailymail. co. uk/news/article-405874/Superskinny-models-drive-seven-year-olds-anorexia. html;. Tiggemann, Marika, and Janet Polivy. Upward and Downward: Social ComparisonProcessing of Thin Idealized Media Images. Psychology of Women Quarterly ( Sept. 2010): 356-364. ERIC. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. ; pierce. ctc. edu:2088/10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 2010. 1581. x;. Annotated Bibliography Retzinger, Jean. Body Image. The Media. Ed. Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008. 51-56 Battleground. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Nov. 2011. This is a subject encyclopedia article. The article starts out explaining how people perceive their body image, and how it changes based on influences like the media. Then it briefly goes into the studies of average body weights in woman and models and how the history and culture of the body image conception came to be. This article could be very useful for my research paper because it gives a simple explanation on my topic in a pretty broad topic, pointing out all the areas I was hoping to cover in this assignment. It already has given me a clear explanation on the controversy of my topic, therefore it is a great source. Jean Retzinger the author of this article is a professor at University of California Berkeley who teaches in the communications department so, this shows this would be a credible source because she knows facts and doesn’t just base an article off emotional opinions. Harrison, Kristen. Body Image, Media Effect on. Encyclopedia of Communication and Information. Ed. Jorge Reina Schement. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 79-81. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 25 Nov. 2011 This is a subject encyclopedia article. This article focuses more so on eating disorders and how the media has caused that. They mention theories and research studies on both body image an d eating disorders. This article is very useful because it goes more into depth on the effect of the media on woman’s body image and research shown through trends and history. It gives me the distinction between body image and eating disorders which are two very different topics that I had not became aware of. This is a credible source because it includes many researchers’ names as well as theories that have great evidence to back it up as well as clear history. Brown, Amy, and Helga Dittmar. Think Thin and Feel Bad: The Role of Appearance Schema Activation, Attention Level and Thin-Ideal Internalization For Young Women’s Responses To Ultra-Thin Media Ideals Journal of Social Clinical Psychology 24. 8 (2005): 1088-1113. PDF file. This is a journal entry. This entry talks specifically on the further study of how thin media models have a negative impact on young womens body image, looking deeper into how quickly it affects woman and the anxiety it brings by exposing 75 women to advertisements. This document will be useful to prove my opinion in the essay because it will bring recent scientific studies as facts to persuade. Also bringing facts based opinions to the essay to show further evidence. This journal is very credible because it is an experiment used with a large group of woman. Not only is it one experiment but it is a further studied experiment to dig deeper. It also was written by two college professors at University of Sussex, England and they had cited credible sources and many of them. Media Influence. Rader Programs. N. p. , n. d. Web. 20 Nov. 2011 raderprograms. com/causes-statistics/media-eating-disorders. html. This is a webpage document. It starts off with a brief introduction explaining the opinion on how the media has influenced problems such as anorexia and bulimia, and it then goes into lists of statistics on ieting, body image, models, and television and movies. Also it gives suggestions on how we can slowly change societies view. This site will be very useful for my paper because it provides many statistics rather than just a bunch of writing about a subject. This information however isn’t as high of credibility as the sources before mainly because there was many facts, but no written sources of where all these facts come from. Also there was no authors or names written down, just the website name. Super-skinny models drive seven-year-olds into anorexia. Daily Mail. N. p. Sept. 2006. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-405874/Super-skinny-models-drive-seven-year-olds-anorexia. html. This is a webpage journal document. This article is about doctors, teachers and current models opinions on the waiflike models effect on young girls. This will be useful to my paper because it provides doctors opinions on how the media is effecting young women’s health, while also bringing current models who disagree with the whole waiflike look opinions and explanations of what they see behind the scenes. This article has semi credibility because even though it brings opinions of a successful doctor, model and teacher, it is only includes 3 opinions. But if it was a larger group of opinions it would make the article much more credible. Radford, Benjamin. Whos To Blame For Anorexic Children? Discovery News. N. p. , 9 Aug. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. http://news. discovery. com/human -thin-models-not-to-blame-for-anorexia. html. This is a webpage journal document. This article was more so on how there is much more to eating disorders than just being the media’s fault. The article included eating disorder expert’s quotes as well as current examples of how the media hasn’t affected woman as much as other factors like friends, family and the media. This article will be useful to my essay because it brings counter arguments to the table and shows opposing opinions to this topic. Under the article it included reader’s opinions and with reading that, it helped me to develop a good argument to this subject. This article has semi credibility because it is a very brief article and doesn’t go into much detail like the reference books do. However it does give brief quotes on researcher’s

ACID and Normalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ACID and Normalization - Assignment Example Equally, Isolation states that the concurrent occurrence of multiple transactions should not impact each other’s transactions. Finally, Durability guarantees that any modifications to the database are not lost. Normalization is a method of reducing or removing data redundancies in the database. Four goals are attained after normalization. First, there is the reduction of the number of duplicated data in the database. Additionally, there is ordering of data into logical groupings in such a way that each and every group describes a small part of the complete data. Thirdly, there is the building of a database in which manipulation and access to data is rapid and proficient, while still maintaining the integrity of the stored data. Lastly, the data is organized such that one can edit and make changes in one part of the data without affecting other parts. In this exercise, normalization of the database up to the third normal form is achieved. In addition, there is an ERD (entity-relation diagram) and an Oracle database with execution of SQL statements using PHPMYADMIN. The disadvantages of normalization include difficulty and increased costs required to implement, and extra skill requirement to offer functional views and maintain the database. In addition, extra skills are needed to create OLAP